Glossary
Glossary
Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha is a plant whose roots and berries have been used in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine for over 3,000 years. It is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including stress, anxiety, fatigue, inflammation, and insomnia. (Ayurvedic medicine is traditional medicine native to India. Treatments can include yoga, acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage therapy and dietary changes).
Ashwagandha is often found in health food stores as a dietary supplement, and is considered an “adaptogen,” meaning it helps the body manage stress by balancing various physiological processes. Ashwagandha’s scientific name is Withania somnifera, but it’s also commonly known as Indian ginseng or winter cherry. Some scientific studies have explored Ashwagandha’s potential benefits, such as:
- Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Research suggests Ashwagandha can help reduce stress and anxiety.
- Improved Cognitive Function: Some studies have indicated that Ashwagandha might improve memory, executive function, attention, and information processing.
- Anti-Inflammatory and Immune-Boosting Properties: Ashwagandha may also have anti-inflammatory effects and can potentially boost the immune system.
- Thyroid Function: Preliminary research suggests Ashwagandha might help regulate thyroid hormones.
Generally, Ashwagandha is considered safe for most people when taken short-term and at recommended doses. However, people with specific medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases, should consult with healthcare providers before taking Ashwagandha, as it might interfere with other medications or exacerbate certain conditions.
Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are naturally occurring chemical compounds found primarily in the cannabis sativa plant. They interact with the endocannabinoid system in the human body, a complex signaling network involved in regulating various physiological processes.
Cannabinoids are a diverse class of chemical compounds with varying effects on the human body. The growing interest in their potential therapeutic benefits has spurred increased research and development of cannabinoid-based products for medical and recreational use. Here’s a more detailed overview of cannabinoids:
- There are now over 100 known cannabinoids. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are the most well-known, but there are others like CBG (cannabigerol), THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin), and CBC (cannabichromene).
- Research on cannabinoids has explored potential benefits for various health conditions, including chronic pain, epilepsy, anxiety, inflammation, and CBD, for example, has been approved in some jurisdictions for treating specific forms of epilepsy.
- Some cannabinoids, like THC, are psychoactive and can produce a “high” or altered state of consciousness. Others, like CBD, are non-psychoactive and do not produce these effects.
- Legality and Regulation: The legal status of cannabinoids varies widely by jurisdiction and depends on factors like the specific cannabinoid, its concentration, the plant source, and intended use. For example, THC is a controlled substance in many places, while CBD and other cannabinoids derived from hemp are legal in most areas.
CBG
CBG is short for cannabigerol, and it’s one of more than 100 cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. CBG is a non-psychoactive compound, meaning it doesn’t get you “high” as you would expect using cannabinoids like THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
CBG is referred to as the “mother” or “stem cell” of cannabinoids. It’s derived from cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), the precursor to the three main cannabinoid lines: tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). Enzymes in the cannabis plant break down CBGA into these lines, and further changes in these compounds result in THC, CBD, and CBG.
Like other cannabinoids, CBG interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the human body. Preliminary research and other evidence suggests that the therapeutic benefits of CBG include:
- CBG can help reduce inflammation.
- Some studies have suggested that CBG may have neuroprotective properties.
- CBG may stimulate appetite, which could be beneficial for certain medical conditions.
- There’s evidence to suggest that CBG has antibacterial effects, particularly against certain drug-resistant bacterial strains.
CBN
Cannabinol (CBN) is considered a minor cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant, because it’s not typically present in significant amounts in fresh cannabis. Rather, it’s found in aged or oxidized cannabis, as it forms as a metabolite of THC when exposed to air and light over time.
CBN alone is not psychoactive, meaning that it doesn’t produce the “high” that’s normally associated with cannabis consumption. However, CBN works synergistically with other cannabinoids. Known as the “entourage effect,” it means that the combined action of various cannabinoids enhances their individual effects.
- Studies suggest that CBN, when blended with other cannabinoids like Delta-8, promotes sleep.
- Other research has shown that CBN can also act as an anti-inflammatory agent, an appetite stimulant, to fight bacterial infections, or as a pain reliever.
Cordyceps
- Cordyceps is a natural energy booster, and some athletes use it for improving performance.
- Some studies suggest that Cordyceps stimulates the immune system.
- Cordyceps has antioxidant properties, which can help fight cell damage.
- There’s some evidence suggesting that Cordyceps might benefit lung function and help with conditions like asthma.
- Sexual Health: Cordyceps has been used for centuries as an aphrodisiac and to treat sexual dysfunction and research into its effects on libido and reproductive function are on-going.
- Preliminary research has examined the potential anticancer properties of Cordyceps, particularly regarding its ability to inhibit tumor growth in cell culture and animal models.
Delta-8
Delta-8 THC is short for Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol and it’s a relative of Delta-9 THC, the primary psychoactive component found in the cannabis plant. Delta-8 THC has a similar chemical structure to Delta-9 THC, but with some differences that lead to unique properties. Here’s what you might want to know about Delta-8 THC:
- Psychoactive Properties: Delta-8 THC is psychoactive but is generally considered to be less potent than Delta-9 THC. Users often report a more mild and clear-headed “high” compared to the more intense effects of Delta-9 THC. In addition, Delta-8 THC can be blended with other cannabinoids to create a variety of effects.
- Legal Status: The legal status of Delta-8 THC varies by jurisdiction. In the United States, for example, Delta-8 THC derived from hemp and containing less than 0.3% Delta-9 THC, by weight, is legal under federal law. Individual states may have specific regulations that govern its sale and use.
- Medical Applications: Some studies have investigated Delta-8 THC’s potential therapeutic benefits, such as its anti-nausea effects, appetite stimulation, and possible anxiety reduction.
- Delta-8 THC is found in small quantities in the cannabis plant, but it can be synthesized or extracted and concentrated. The compound has become increasingly available in various products like tinctures, edibles, and vapes, particularly in places where Delta-9 THC remains illegal or heavily regulated.
Delta-9
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is commonly referred to as Delta-9 THC or simply THC, and it’s responsible for the “high” or euphoric feeling associated with cannabis use. Here’s a more detailed look at Delta-9 THC:
- Psychoactive Effects: Delta-9 THC binds to receptors in the brain, specifically the CB1 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, leading to feelings of euphoria and relaxation.
- Medical Uses: Medical marijuana, which contains Delta-9 THC, has been prescribed for a variety of medical conditions. It may help with pain management, nausea and vomiting (especially in chemotherapy patients), appetite stimulation, and spasticity in conditions like multiple sclerosis.
- Legal Status: The legal status of Delta-9 THC varies in the United States, where laws differ from state to state. In some states it’s allowed for medical use, while in others it’s legalized for recreational use by adults.
- Chemical Structure: Delta-9 THC is one of many cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. Its specific arrangement of atoms in its molecular structure is what distinguishes it from other cannabinoids, like CBD (cannabidiol), which is non-psychoactive, or Delta-8 THC, which has a different structure and is less psychoactive.
- Hemp vs. Marijuana: The cannabis plant has two primary varieties: hemp and marijuana. While both contain Delta-9 THC, marijuana contains it in higher concentrations, typically ranging from 5% to 30% or more. Hemp, on the other hand, is legally defined as containing 0.3% Delta-9 THC, or less, by weight.
Delta-9 THC is a complex compound with a variety of effects and potential benefits and risks. Its use, whether for medical or recreational purposes, should be guided by legal regulations and personal considerations, including individual health needs and preferences. If considering use for medical purposes, consulting with a healthcare provider knowledgeable about medical cannabis is advisable.
Delta-10
Delta-10 THC is one of the many cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant, and in scientific terms, it’s a structural isomer of Delta-9 THC. (An isomer is a compound with the same molecular formula as another compound but with a different arrangement of atoms.) Here’s what you might want to know about Delta-10 THC:
- The “delta” in Delta-10 THC refers to the position of a double bond in the carbon chain of the THC molecule. While Delta-9 THC has the double bond at the 9th carbon, Delta-10 THC has it at the 10th. This slight difference in structure can significantly affect how the compound interacts with cannabinoid receptors in the body.
- Delta-10 THC is less common and therefore less studied than Delta-9 THC and even Delta-8 THC, however initial research suggests that it has milder psychoactive properties than other forms of THC.
- Delta-10 THC is found in very low concentrations in natural cannabis. It can be synthesized or converted from other cannabinoids through chemical reactions, including isomerization. The isomerization process can transform one form of THC into another, such as converting CBD or Delta-9 THC into Delta-10 THC.
- Because Delta-10 THC is often synthesized through chemical reactions, the purity and safety can depend on the methods used. Impurities or residual solvents could be present if the process is not carefully controlled.
Lemon Balm
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the mint family. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries and particularly in European herbal remedies because of its calming effects, as a digestive aid, and to relieve pain associated with headaches and insomnia. Here’s an overview of lemon balm and its uses:
Lemon balm has bright green leaves that, when crushed, emit a mild lemon fragrance, hence the name “lemon balm.” It’s used in foods, teas, and beverages for its mild lemon flavor. Some scientific studies have examined lemon balm’s therapeutic effects, which include:
- Lemon balm has been studied for its potential to reduce anxiety and stress, possibly due to its content of rosmarinic acid and other bioactive compounds.
- Some research suggests lemon balm may have cognitive-enhancing effects and may improve mood and mental performance.
- Lemon balm has been found to possess antiviral properties, particularly against the herpes simplex virus, when applied topically.
HHC
HHC is short for Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, a chemical compound that is a hydrogenated derivative of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis. Hydrogenation is a chemical process that adds hydrogen to a molecule, and in the case of THC, this can lead to various hydrogenated derivatives, including HHC.
Lion’s Mane
Lion’s Mane is a type of mushroom known scientifically as Hericium erinaceus. Lion’s Mane name comes from its unique appearance, resembling a mane of white. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries and has become increasingly popular as a supplement. It’s believed to have various health benefits including:
- Studies suggest that Lion’s Mane may support cognitive function, possibly enhancing memory and concentration. These effects are thought to be related to compounds in the mushroom that stimulate brain cell growth.
- Lion’s Mane is believed to have neuroprotective properties, and there is some research indicating that it might promote nerve growth and repair.
- Like many mushrooms, Lion’s Mane may have immune-boosting properties due to the presence of specific polysaccharides.
- Some studies have found that Lion’s Mane exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may contribute to overall health and wellness.
- Traditional use and some research points to potential benefits for gastrointestinal health, possibly aiding in digestion and the treatment of certain gastric conditions.
Passion Flower
Passion Flower refers to plants in the genus Passiflora, which includes around 550 species of perennial vines, some of which produce stunning and intricate flowers. Several species of Passion Flower produce edible fruits known as passion fruits. Here’s an overview of Passion Flower:
- Passion Flower has been traditionally used as an herbal remedy, used to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and hysteria.
- While some species of Passion Flower are celebrated for their medicinal properties or edible fruits, others may contain substances that are harmful if ingested. Therefore, proper identification and consultation with knowledgeable sources or healthcare providers are essential if considering Passion Flower for medicinal or culinary uses.
THCV
THCV is short for tetrahydrocannabivarin, a compound found in the cannabis plant. It’s considered a minor cannabinoid, because its typically present in much smaller quantities than cannabinoids like THC and CBD. THCV is similar in molecular structure to THC, but functions differently in the body.
THCV is similar to THC, it has different effects depending on the dosage. Like other cannabinoids, THCV interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system. Preliminary research has suggested several potential therapeutic applications for THCV, such as:
- Appetite Suppression: In contrast to THC, which often stimulates appetite, THCV is known to reduce appetite. This has led to interest in THCV for weight loss or metabolic disorders.
- Blood Sugar Regulation: Some studies have explored THCV’s potential to regulate blood sugar levels, making it of interest for diabetes treatment.
- Research into THCV’s potential neuroprotective effects has begun, with a focus on conditions like Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy.
Theanine
Also known as L-theanine, theanine is an amino acid commonly found in tea, especially green tea. It’s known for its calming effects and ability to promote relaxation without causing drowsiness. The combination of Theanine and caffeine is particularly well-studied and theanine is one of the reasons that tea has a longstanding reputation as a calming beverage.
Ongoing research continues to explore theanine’s therapeutic applications and many people find the combination of theanine and caffeine to enhance focus and productivity without the over-stimulation that might come with caffeine alone. Here’s more about theanine:
- Theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid. It was first identified in tea leaves (camellia sinensis) but can also be found in some species of mushrooms.
- Theanine can cross the blood-brain barrier, which means that it can directly affect the brain. It’s been found to increase levels of certain neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, all of which can have calming effects. It can also reduce levels of chemicals in the brain that are linked to stress and anxiety.
- Some studies suggest that Theanine helps with stress reduction, improved focus, better sleep, and enhanced cognitive performance. When combined with caffeine, as it naturally is in tea, Theanine helps smooth out the effects of caffeine, generating alertness without the jitteriness that caffeine alone can cause.
Theanine is generally considered safe and is available as a dietary supplement in various forms. However, like all supplements, if you have underlying health conditions it may be wise to consult with a healthcare provider before taking L-theanine, especially in large amounts.
THCA
THCA, or Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid, on its own is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in raw and live cannabis plants. In scientific terms, it’s the “acidic precursor” to THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). Through a process known as decarboxylation, THCA converts to THC when exposed to heat, such as during smoking, vaporizing, or cooking. Here’s a closer look at THCA:
- Unlike THC, THCA does not produce psychoactive effects. If you were to consume raw, unheated cannabis (such as in a fresh juice or smoothie), you would be ingesting THCA and would not experience the “high” associated with cannabis.
- Studies have suggested that THCA might have therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-emetic effects.
- THCA is present in high concentrations in fresh cannabis plants. As the plant is dried and cured, or as the flowers are exposed to heat, the THCA gradually converts to THC.
- Some people also seek out THCA specifically, such as in raw cannabis juices, for its potential health benefits without the psychoactive effects of THC.
THCO
THCO, also known as THC-O-acetate or THC acetate ester, is a synthetic cannabinoid derived from THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). It’s created by modifying the THC molecule through a chemical process that adds an acetate ester group that transforms the hydroxyl group in THC into an acetate ester, thus producing THCO. Here are some key points about THCO:
- Some reports and anecdotal evidence suggest that THCO may be significantly more potent than regular THC, with different or amplified psychoactive effects.
- Because of its increased potency and potential for unique effects, THCO has been of interest to some recreational cannabis users.
In summary, THCO is a synthetic derivative of THC that may be more potent and have different effects. Its legal status, safety profile, and overall characteristics are complex and not well understood, and caution is advised for anyone considering its use. Consult with a healthcare provider, legal professional, or knowledgeable expert in your area if you have questions about THCO.
THCP
Tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP) is a recently discovered cannabinoid that has intrigued scientists and researchers. Like THC (Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), the well-known psychoactive component in cannabis, THCP has a similar structure but with some distinct differences.
The main structural distinction is in, what scientists call the “alkyl side chain.” THC has a five-term alkyl chain, while THCP has a seven-term chain. It sounds like a small difference, but it’s one that has a significant impact on the binding affinity to the CB1 receptor, which is primarily responsible for the psychoactive effects of THC.
Preliminary studies suggest that THCP could bind to the CB1 receptor with much more affinity than regular THC, making it substantially more potent. This has created interest among medical researchers in the potential therapeutic applications of THCP.
